He aha te take i tēnei wā i whakamāhinga ai ngā hanga rākau pāpātanga mātua hei whakamāhua mō ngā whare teitei?

Te pūmau o te hanga me te pūmahara o te whāhi tāwhai o te hangā hāngā kaha

Me pēhea te hangā hāngā kaha e whakamānu ai ngā whare tītī kia roa ake, kia iti ake ngā whāhi tāwhai, i te pūmahara o te whāhi tāwhai

Ko te whakamātautau i ngā hanga hāngai kaha he whakamātautau i ngā rūma tāwhai pū, i te whāinga o te whakamātautau i te whāhanga o te teitei ki te whānui. I te mea he 30% te aha ake o tōna kaha ki tōna mātātoko i te whakamātautau i ngā rūma tāwhai pū, kāore ngā hanga hāngai kaha e taea ana te whakamāhi i ngā teitei o ngā rūma tāwhai pū i te rite tonu o te wāhi whakamātautau hei whakamāhi i te uta. Ko te putanga ko ngā whakamātautau e mau ana, me ngā whakamātautau iti ake, me ngā wāhi e whakamāhia ana i te whānui. Ko ngā pākākā hāngai kaha e tātai ana i te whāhanga o te teitei ki te whānui i te 10:1, ā, ko ngā pākākā tāwhai pū e tātai ana i te whāhanga o te teitei ki te whānui i te 7:1. I tēnei hoki, he rereke ake ngā hāngai kaha i ngā rūma tāwhai pū, ā, ko tēnei he āhua pai ake i te whakamāhi i ngā uta. I te tau 2023, i whakamāhi te Rūnanga mō ngā Pākākā Tāwhai me ngā Wāhi noho (CTBUH) i ngā raraunga o te hanga i te ao, i tohu ai i ngā hanga e tāwhai ana i te 50 ngā rūma hāngai kaha, ka whiwhi i te 15% atu o ngā wāhi e whakamāhia ana, ā, nō reira he kōwhiringa mātua mō ngā pākākā tāwhai i ngā wāhi noho.

Whakakaha i te whakawhitinga ki ngā uta tāwhai: Te whakauru i ngā rākau whakamātautau i ngā uta me ngā pūrākau tāwhai

Ka whakamahia e ngā hanganga maitai taumaha ngā pūnaha whakauru e whakatutuki ana i te ōritetanga o te pakeke me te ngārara hei whakaeke i ngā kawenga taha. Ka whakamahia e ngā anga-pōkai te hononga i waenganui i ngā poutū me ngā pou hei whakawātea me te hopu i te hau me te pūngao āhuarangi. Ka whakamahia e ngā pūtau pūtau ngā pūtau pūtau o te maitai kua marara noa i te pūtau hei whakawhiti i ngā kawenga taha ki te turanga, nā reira ka whakaitihia te hīkoi taha ki te 50%. Ka mahi ngā anga-a-taima me ngā matū pūmau ki te whakarato i te kaha ki ngā anga i ngā kaupapa rauropi iti, ki te whakaeke i ngā kawenga nui. Ko te waehere AISC 341 e whakarite ana ko te whakatakotoranga o te ductility e whakatau ana i te whakaheke pūngao o te puku anga. Ka taea e te huinga o ngā pūtau pūngao me ngā anga e ārai ana i te wā, te tu atu i te 150 mph te hau me ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi o te wā hokinga 2,500 tau, nā reira ka noho haumaru ngā tangata me ngā hanganga i roto i ngā taiao tino nui.

Te Whakapaipai me te Hoahoa Seismic Motuhake o nga Pūnaha Maitai Taumaha

Te Whakapā me te Hoahoa Seismic Motuhake: He aha nga hanganga maitai taumaha ka whakarato ai i te whakawātea pūngao ōrite

Ko ngā hanganga maitai taumaha, i hangaia i runga i te waehere AISC 341, e whakamahi ana i te kaha o te waikura me ngā tikanga hoahoa seismic motuhake hei whakakore i te pūngao seismic, e hua ana i te hua whakahaere ā-rohe, kaua he pakaru pakaru. Kua whakaaturia e ngā rangahau ka taea te hanga i ngā pūhiko ā-whāwhā kia whakawātea ai te 80% o te pūngao ā-whāwhā i te wāhi tino kaha o te ruu. Ko te āhua ngohengohe o te maitai e hanga ana i tētahi pānga nui ki tētahi hanganga mā te tuku i ngā whakaraeraetanga nui, me te tino tika, kia puta, ahakoa i roto i ngā take e taea ai te pāngia e ngā nekehanga nui i waenganui i ngā papa neke atu i te 2.5%. Kei roto i te waehere AISC 341 he hoahoa hanganga nui me te aronga mahi taipitopito hei akiaki i te hua whakahaere kia taea ai te whakakore i te kaha ruu me te hanga i te tohu hoahoa ka taea te mahi i te hanganga i te huarahi kotahi me te whakahou i roto i tona oranga e hiahiatia ana.

Te whakamātautau i Taipei 101: Te whanaungatanga i waenganui i te whāriki kaha o te hinu hou me te kōwhiringa o te mātua o te pākoki

I whakaatu a Taipei 101 i ngā pūnaha pūhanga mātua i tēnei whakamātautau i te whakamātau i ngā pūnaha kaha o te hinu hou me ngā pūnaha whakamārama ā-huinga. Ko te kōwhiringa o te mātua o te pākoki, e 730 tonne te pākoki, e whanaunga ana i te whāriki kaha o te hinu hou i te wāhi tuarā e hono ana ki ngā pou nui e waru. I te tauāwhā o Soudelor, i whakamāmā i te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o te whānanga o......

Te whakamātautau i ngā whāinga roa: Te whāriki kaha o te hinu hou tāpiri i ngā whāinga āwhina

Te ora o te whakamātau i te whakamātautau me ngā mahinga i ngā whare tāwhai 50+ : Ko ngā rākau pāpā hou he pai ake i ngā rākau kōnā me ngā rākau pūmau

Ko ngā rākau pāpā hou he pai ake i te ora o te whakamātau i te whakamātautau me ngā mahinga i ngā whare tāwhai 50+. Ko te hanganga molekūlar o te pāpā he rite tonu, ā, ko te whakawhitinga o ngā whakamātautau e rite ana, e hāngai ana i te ora o te whakamātau i te whakamātautau me ngā whakamātautau iti ake i ngā rākau kōnā, ā, ko te rerekētanga he 40% i runga i ngā whakamātautau o te tau 2023 a O. C. mō te whakamātautau o ngā rākau. I te whakamātautau i ngā whakamātautau o te whakamātautau me ngā whakamātautau o te kōnā, ko ngā rākau pāpā hou he 0.1% ngā whakamātautau o te whakamātautau, ā, kāore he whakamātautau e whakamātautau i te wā i te wā o te 50 tau. Ko ngā panonitanga o te rākau me ngā whakamātautau hākari me ngā utu hākari o ngā rākau pūmau e whakamātautau ana i ngā whakamātautau o te whakamātautau i te 25% ake.

Whakamahinga i ngā whakakī pūrere me ngā whakakī pūrere hei rautaki whakamātautau i te ahi mō ngā rākau pāpā hou i ngā whakamātautau 2–4 haora

Ko te hanganga hāngai kaha o te hinu hou he whakamātau i ngā āhua o te rorohiko kia whiwhi i te whānuitanga ki te ahi, ā, kia tūhono ki te whānuitanga o te ahi o ASTM E119. Kāore ngā whakamātautau intumescent e taea te whānui ake i tō rātou pākaro tuatahi i te 50 wā, ā, ka whānui ake i te 200° C. Ko te whakauru i te pū o ngā wāhanga hinu ki roto i te kōncrete he whakamātau nui hei āki mātua, ā, he wāhanga hoki o te tiaki ā-hāngai. Ahakoa kāore ngā wāhanga hāngai hinu kia whakamātautau, ka ngaro tōna kaha i te whakamātautau i te ahi, engari ko tōna whānuitanga kia whakamātautau, ka taea te whakamātautau i te tautoko hāngai i te wā roa atu i ngā kōrero kē e taea ai te whakamātautau i te whānuitanga o te ahi, ā, e taea ai te whakamātautau i te whānuitanga o te ahi. Ko tēnei i kitea i ngā whakamātautau o te NFPA 2022 i te wāhi tūturu, i reira he tāwhai haumaru me te tautoko i ngā mahi a te rōpū ahi.

1. Ngā pū hāngai kōncrete e whānui ana ki te ahi.

2. I ngā hanganga hinu nui, he aha ngā tauira pūkenga o ngā uta tuawhenua me ngā kōrero e whānui ana ki te tautoko i ngā uta?
o ngā uta tuawhenua me ngā kōrero e whānui ana ki te tautoko i ngā uta?

Ko te hanganga hāngā kaha o te hinu pū, e whakamāhinga ana i ngā whare tītī roa me ngā whare tītī iti ake, nā te kaha o ngā whare tītī ki tō rātou taumaha, me ngā hāngā kaha o te whakamaunga, ā, he pai ake ngā wāhi e whakamāhinga ana.

3. Me pēhea te whakamāhinga o ngā hāngā kaha o te hinu pū hei whakawhitinga i ngā kaha?

Ko ngā hāngā kaha o te hinu pū e whakamāhinga ana i ngā whakamārama kaha o te AISC 341, e whakamāhinga ana i te whakawhitinga o te hauā o te rū whenua i te wāhi e mōhiotia ana, ā, he whakamāhinga anō hoki kia kaha te whakamārama kaha kia kore ai te whakamārama kaha e mutu mai i te whakamārama kaha kāore he whakamārama kaha.

4. He aha te whāinga o ngā rākau whakamārama kaha me ngā rākau whakamārama kaha?

Ko ngā rākau whakamārama kaha e whakamāhinga ana i te hauā o te hau me ngā rākau whakamārama kaha o te rū whenua i te whakamārama kaha o ngā rākau, ā, ko ngā kaha horizontāl hoki e whakamāhinga ana i ngā rākau whakamārama kaha vertikāl.

Pātai: He aha ngā rautaki whakamārama kaha o te ahi mō ngā hāngā kaha o te hinu pū?

A: Ko ēnei āhua o ngā rautaki e whakamahinga ana: ngā whakamātautau e whanawhana ana i te hōhā, ngā whakamātautau wāhi wāhi kia kaha ki te ahi, me ngā āhua pūtea ahi hītori e tātai ana i ngā whakamātautau o ASTM E119.